In UGR syllabic cuneiform: AKK ma-aš-ku = [ú?]-ru 'skin, hide' [Huehner 159]. Note that the UGR syllabic cuneiform normally uses H-signs to render ɣ [Huehner 240-243]j

    Cf. PB ʔūr 'chaff' [Ja 32]; it is not quite clear from Jastrow's notation whether this form belongs to HBR PB or ARM JUD (if ARM JUD, why placed under a separate heading not together with ʔūrā 'skin'?)

    Cf. also ʔūrā 'skin' [ibid. 32], with ʔ- instead of ʕ-

    Cf. [O-S 227], where UGR ɣr, HBR ʕōr (erroneously quoted as ʕor) are compared to HRS ɣerēret 'bag, sack'; this comparison, however, would have been valid only if the MSA words denoted a bag made of skin, which does not follow from the meanings quoted in the dictionaries (cf. also MHR ɣayrōrǝt, JIB ɣárɔ́rt 'small bag' [JM 140] and ARB ɣirār-at- 'sac à paille hachée, ou sac à grain porté à dos de chameau' [BK 2 447], which is either a cognate of, or a loan-source for, the MSA terms).

    Cf. ETH forms likely related with suffixed -m: TGR ʕaräm 'skin (untanned)' [LH 458], TNA ʕaräm 'pelle della testa di vitello' [Bass 677] and, possibly, GUR: SOD irma 'belt of skin for women' [LGur 89] (which Leslau considers a loan from E. CUSH: HAD irmu-ččo).

    [KB 803]: HBR, UGR, PHO; [DLU 159]: UGR, PHO, HBR

    "...mašlû is a skin used for wrapping ... rather than a bucket..." [CAD m1 380]. Both sources refer to the verb šalû 'to submerge oneself' [CAD š1 273], 'eintauschen' [AHw 1152] implying its connection with the meaning 'bucket'; the comparative data, however, rather point to the underlying meaning 'skin'. Cf. also šah_i(l)lu 'Eimer' LB [AHw 1132] (transcribed as šāh_ilu and translated as 'strainer, filter' in [CAD š1 96]); it is not clear whether this term has anything to do with 'skin' or 'skin bucket' and could be compared with metathesis

    Probably C. SEM only. In AKK, *-h_ (implied by the ARB examples) is expected to be preserved (though reflexation of SEM laryngeals in AKK is not yet studied sufficiently, see Introduction). This and a derived pattern (see, however, one of the SYR and ARB forms below) make the AKK comparison questionable.

    Note a likely derived verb in ARM: JUD šlḥ (pa) 'to strip, undress' [Ja 1580], šlḥ 'to strip off clothes, shed skin' [Sok 552], MND S̆LA 'to take off, to undress' [DM 466] (also S̆HL 'to undress, denude, take off' [ibid. 451] and S̆LH 'to draw off' [ibid. 467]). Cf. ARB šlḥ 'dépouiller, ôter les habits à qn.' [BK 1 1263], with š- instead of the expected s- (secondary "lateralization" of *s- near -l-?) and -ḥ, not *-h_

    Likely to be supported by AFRASIAN data; cf. a variant root *gilp-, No. .

    [DRS 116]: ARM, ARB (+ verbs meaning 'to cut, to shave')

    According to Soden, from ARM

    Hapax attested as gildī 'my skin' in Job 16:15 (usually considered an ARM borrowing, cf. [Wagner 54])

    For the former meaning cf. ARB

    Cf. ǧald- 'verge, pénis' [BK 1 314]; for a similar meaning shift see MND

    Note ʕAbd-el-Kuri gī́ldɔh 'peau (de l'homme)' [SSL 4 95] which looks like an Arabism

    One wonders whether there is any connection between this root, *gu/alb- '(piece of) skin' (No. ) and *gilp- 'skin; peel; scales, etc.' (No. ) in view of no tenable explanation for the third radicals, since neither -d nor -b (except for what appears to be a marker in certain animal names) nor -p are known to be formants or markers of any kind or convey any meaning. Cf., in this connection, AFRASIAN *gal(l)- '(tanned) animal skin': BERB *a-g(u)lim (<*-gVly-Vm, with -m suffixed?): AHAGGAR a-ḡlim 'peau tannée avec ses poils' [Fouc III 1076], QABYLE a-gʷlim 'peau (humaine ou d'animal)' [Dallet 257], etc.; N. CUSH: BEJA galō 'skin of animal' [Hudson 44]; E. CUSH: KONSO koll-atta 'tanned and possibly softened skin or hide' [Sasse Bur 83] (KONSO k- may reflect *g-; not quite convincingly compared [ibid.] with other E. CUSH terms meaning 'wall of partition', 'straw mat used as curtain', etc); OMOT: SHE gel, KACHAMA gǝlla, BASKETO gallä, DOKA gälle 'skin' [Bla Om 26]; E. CHAD: KERA gòlgò 'skin' [Bla Om 26, apud Ebert] (redupl. < *gVlgVl-?).

    [Fron 41] (*gild- 'pelle' /SOQ,ARB,SYR,HBR,AKK 'tremare'/); [DRS 118] *gild- 'peau, cuir': AKK, HBR, ARM (also MND gilda 'testicule'), ARB (also ǯald- 'verge, pénis'), MSA, ETH (also verbal forms meaning 'to wrap', etc.); [KB 191]: HBR, ARM, ARB, TGR, AKK; [Brock 117]: SYR, HBR, ARB, AKK; [LGz 189]: GEZ, ETH (examples with -l- only), MSA, HBR, ARM, AKK; [LS 101]: SOQ, MSA, ARB, HBR, ARM, AKK, GEZ (verb); [Holma 3]: AKK, HBR, ARM, ARB

    This interpretation appears to be more supported by the context (mḥrm gnztn 'sanctuary of the dead' = 'cemetery', cf. [ibid.]) than 'funeral (n.) ?' given in [SD 50]

    United by Leslau with CHA ENN END GYE g'išä do. [ibid.] (alternatively < *gVŝŝ- {} *gVĉĉ-, see No. ); all considered borrowing from E. CUSH guǧǧu (KAMBATTA, QABENNA, ALABA) [ibid.], but very likely SEM in view of the comparative data

    To semantic connections between 'back', 'side of body', 'body' and 'dead body, corpse' see Introduction.

    Apparently related to (derived from?) this root is SEM *gnz 'to wrap up the corps, to prepare a body for funerals': ARB ǧnz 'être placé sur le brancard' (se dit du cadavre)', also 'couvrir', 'mourir', ǧanāzat-, ǧināzat- 'brancard sur lequel repose le cadavre; funérailles, convoi funèbre' [BK 1 339]; (?) SAB gnz-t 'funeral (n.)?' [SD 50] (see comments to SAB above); GEZ ganaza 'to shroud, wrap in linen, prepare a body for burial' [LGz 199], TGR gänzä 'to wrap up the corpse' [LH 588], TNA gänäzä 'to wrap the corpse in shrouds' [LGur 285], AMH gännäzä [ibid.], MUH gännäzä do. [ibid.].

    Note that SOQ genāzeh 'funérailles' [LS 112] is nearly undoubtedly an Arabism; however, génoz 'se pencher de côté, s'incliner' [LS 112] may be derived from a lost nominal form meaning 'side' related to this root.

    [DRS 156]: ARB, ESA, MSA (also SOQ 's'incliner'), ETH (verbs meaning 'to wrap the corpse'), HBR PB and JUD (verbal roots gnz 'to hide'); [LS 112]: SOQ ('se pencher de côté'; 'funérailles'), MSA ('cadavre'), ARB ('couvrir'), ETH, SYR (gǝnīzā 'trésor', with all probability an Iranian loanword < ganǯa-)

    Semantically difficult (probably a parallel development can be seen in ARB ǧild- ~ ǧald- 'verge, pénis' [BK 1 313])

    Goes back to *ṣarraɣ-t-, which, in its term, may originate from *ṣVrnaɣ-t- or to be formed after the ḳattal-t pattern widely used in HBR to denote deseases (cf. gabbaḥat 'baldness', dalläḳät 'burning fever' etc.); in this case, however, shaping of an earlier quadriradical base after this widespread pattern is also plausible

    < *ṣinɣ-at- <*ṣinnaɣ-at- <*ṣirnaɣ-at-?

    Note *ʕ > ʔ in the second example

    *-ɣ is hypothetic, as in all the languages listed ʕ may yield SEM *ɣ or *ʕ, while the ARB example with -ɣ is not reliable because of -m- instead of the expected *-n-.

    [Fron 40] (*ṣarraʕ-at- 'malattia della pelle' /GEZ,JUD,HBR,AKK/); [KB 1057]: HBR, JUD, AKK, GEZ; [LGz 564]: GEZ, HBR, AKK

    On a non-etymological h in SOQ see [LS 22]

    Cf. what may be a derived verb with -ʕ as a triconsonantizer or a variant root with metathesis (cf. -ʕ- in GEZ below): SYR srʕ 'pellem fissam detraxit' [Brock 500]; ARB šrʕ 'ôter la peau d'un animal tué en commenc̣ant par une incision entre les jambes' [BK 1 1216]; MHR ŝǝrū 'to skin a cow with a knife' [JMhr 386], JIB ŝéré do. [JJ 256].

    It is difficult to say whether the SOQ and MOD S. ETH examples below preserve an original biconsonantal stem, with ʕ (or ʔ ?) added later as a triconsonantizer or they have lost the original laryngeal in a position of a second (cf. GEZ and TGR nouns) or third (cf. SYR, ARB, MHR and JIB, on the one hand, and -h- in SOQ, on the other) radical.

    Note that the SOQ example was compared by Leslau [LS 433] to a well-known SEM term for meat (*šiʔr- {} *siʔr- 'flesh', No. ); this comparison, though plausible semantically, does not explain ŝ- in SOQ

    Note a very specific meaning shift

    Deserve mention MOD ETH variant roots with -ṭ- (cf. -ṭ- in AKK iṭru (above): (1) TNA wäṭär kǝsad 'muscolo della parte posteriore del collo' [Bass 664], (2) TNA wäṭṭärä 'stendere, stirare una pelle' [ibid.], AMH wäṭṭärä 'to stretch (a string, a hide)' [K 1594], ARG weṭṭära 'to stretch by pulling' [LGz 622].

    [KB 452]: HBR, ARM, ARB, GEZ, TGR; [Brock 313]: SYR, ARM, ARB, HBR, GEZ; [LGz 622]: GEZ, ETH, ARB, ARM, HBR (incl. ARM, ARB and ETH verbal and nominal forms related to 'bow')